Concealable physical unclonable functions using vertical NAND flash memory

Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) can address the demand for enhanced hardware security. Vertical NAND (V-NAND) flash memory is the most commercialized non-volatile memory. However, it has been optimized to reduce cell-to-cell variation for stable data storage, which presents challenges for its application as a PUF, as PUFs inherently rely on such variations. Here, we propose a concealable PUF using V-NAND flash memory by generating PUF data through weak Gate-Induced-Drain-Leakage (GIDL) erase. The differences in doping depth among V-NAND strings arising from the fabrication cause variations in GIDL erase performance. The resulting V-NAND PUF demonstrated ideal security characteristics while maintaining 100% accuracy under variations in read count and temperature. Concealment is achieved by overwriting the PUF data with other data, and perfect conceal-reveal characteristics are maintained over 10² cycles. Concealable V-NAND PUF not only prevents attacks when the PUF is not in use but also allows the memory to be utilized as storage.