Predicting 30-Day Postoperative Mortality and American Society of Anesthesiologists Physical Status Using Retrieval-Augmented Large Language Models: Development and Validation Study

The LLaMA-RAG model significantly improved the prediction of postoperative mortality and ASA classification, especially for rare high-risk cases. By grounding outputs in domain knowledge, retrieval-augmented generation enhanced both accuracy and prompt‑driven interpretability over ML and ablation models-highlighting its promise for real-world clinical decision support.