Damage mechanisms in solid materials irradiated with X-ray free-electron-laser pulses

In this review, I discuss mechanisms of structural damage in solid materials, following their irradiation with ultrafast intense X-ray pulses from free-electron lasers (FELs). Fundamental processes triggered by X-ray irradiation are described, giving basis for the following critical assessment of unique opportunities and challenges underway to controlling X-ray induced damage. Perspectives for potential practical applications of the controlled damage are also presented.