Review of One Health Approaches to Combat Avian Influenza: Lessons from Outbreak Management

Avian Influenza (AI) represents a significant and ongoing threat to both animal and human health due to its zoonotic potential and ability to cause widespread outbreaks. The disease, caused by influenza A viruses, primarily affects birds but can occasionally cross species barriers, infecting humans and other animals. Outbreaks of AI, particularly strains such as H5N1 and H7N9, have led to serious public health emergencies, economic disruptions, and trade restrictions, especially in countries with dense poultry populations. To address these complex and interlinked challenges, the One Health approach has gained prominence. This integrative framework recognizes the interconnectedness of human, animal, and environmental health, emphasizing cross-sectoral collaboration in disease prevention and control. Managing AI effectively requires coordinated efforts among veterinarians, public health professionals, environmental scientists, and policy-makers. Key strategies under the One Health umbrella include early detection through surveillance, timely vaccination campaigns, biosecurity measures, and community awareness initiatives. This review provides a comprehensive overview of Avian Influenza, highlighting its transmission dynamics, impacts, and control measures. It further explores how the One Health approach enhances preparedness and response to AI outbreaks by fostering information sharing and joint action across sectors. Case studies from past outbreaks, such as H5N1 in Southeast Asia and H7N9 in China, illustrate both the successes achieved and the ongoing challenges in containment and control. In conclusion, advancing One Health initiatives is vital for improving resilience to AI and similar emerging infectious diseases. Strengthening collaboration, investing in research, and building institutional capacities remain key priorities for mitigating future risks and protecting global health.