Ecological drivers and conservation challenges of Indian pangolins (Manis crassicaudata) in Western Pakistan

The Indian pangolin ( Manis crassicaudata ), classified as endangered, faces significant threats from habitat degradation and illegal poaching, which has led to rapid population declines. This study examines the ecological factors influencing pangolin population trends, and the associated conservation challenges based on extensive field surveys conducted from November 2021 to March 2023. The findings suggest that habitat type and elevation (300–600 m) significantly influence burrow distribution, with mid-elevation environments providing optimal conditions. Over three years, burrow density reduced from 0.78/km² in 2021–0.43/km² in 2023, indicating a population decline. Conservation attitudes of local people were influenced by education, occupation, and socio-economic factors. This research was undertaken in Pakistan's semi-arid and mountainous habitats, where pangolins are subjected to growing pressures of habitat loss and illegal trade. These findings suggest an immediate need for conservation interventions, such as habitat restoration, improved enforcement of wildlife laws, and community involvement. Integrating ecological and socio-economic approaches, this study provides valuable insights that can inform regional as well as international conservation strategies and support evidence-based decision-making for the protection of the Indian pangolin.