Optimization Scheduling of Carbon Capture Power Systems Considering Energy Storage Coordination and Dynamic Carbon Constraints

To achieve low-carbon economic dispatch and collaborative optimization of carbon capture efficiency in power systems, this paper proposes a flexible carbon capture power plant and generalized energy storage collaborative operation model under a dynamic carbon quota mechanism. First, adjustable carbon capture devices are integrated into high-emission thermal power units to construct carbon–electricity coupled operation modules, enabling a dynamic reduction of carbon emission intensity and enhancing low-carbon performance. Second, a time-varying carbon quota allocation mechanism and a dynamic correction model for carbon emission factors are designed to improve the regulation capability of carbon capture units during peak demand periods. Furthermore, pumped storage systems and price-guided demand response are integrated to form a generalized energy storage system, establishing a “source–load–storage” coordinated peak-shaving framework that alleviates the regulation burden on carbon capture units. Finally, a multi-timescale optimization scheduling model is developed and solved using the GUROBI algorithm to ensure the economic efficiency and operational synergy of system resources. Simulation results demonstrate that, compared with the traditional static quota mode, the proposed dynamic carbon quota mechanism reduces wind curtailment cost by 9.6%, the loss of load cost by 48.8%, and carbon emission cost by 15%. Moreover, the inclusion of generalized energy storage—including pumped storage and demand response—further decreases coal consumption cost by 9% and carbon emission cost by 17%, validating the effectiveness of the proposed approach in achieving both economic and environmental benefits.