Oropouche Virus, A New Emerging Threat

Abstract Purpose of Review This review examines the emerging public health threat posed by the Oropouche virus (OROV), an arbovirus circulating in the Latin Americas. It focuses on its genomic organization, transmission dynamics, clinical manifestations, and vector competence while evaluating environmental and anthropogenic factors influencing its spread. Recent Findings Recent studies reveal that climate change, deforestation, and urbanization have expanded OROV’s geographic range. Outbreaks have been reported in Brazil, Panama, Cuba, and Guyana, between others, with imported cases detected in Europe and the United States. Reassortment events contribute to the virus's genetic diversity and complicate its diagnosis along with co-circulation with other arboviruses with similar symptoms. Summary OROV is an underestimated pathogen requiring enhanced surveillance and multidisciplinary control measures. Strengthening diagnostic capabilities and implementing coordinated public health strategies are essential to mitigate its spread and address severe complications, including neurological and maternal-fetal outcomes.