Actions on berthing structures caused by large-tonnage ships

Abstract Maritime transport plays a crucial role in the global economy, facilitating international trade in goods and services. With the increasing volume of transported goods, large-tonnage ships have grown significantly in size, imposing substantial demands on berthing structures. This article examines the impacts of large-tonnage ships on quays and other berthing structures, highlighting the challenges and available solutions. Berthing structures are classified and analyzed based on the materials used and the type of structure, including gravity quays, sheet pile quays, and jetties. Large-tonnage ships are classified based on their carrying capacity and technical specifications, with each type of vessel having distinct operational requirements. The stresses on berthing structures include static pressure, impact during berthing, and bollard pull. The scour phenomenon, caused by the water jet generated by ship propellers, is a major concern as it can lead to the instability and degradation of quays. Traditional protection methods, such as the use of riprap and reinforced concrete, are complemented by modern solutions, including composite materials and advanced technologies like 3D printing. These innovations provide durable and adaptable solutions for quay protection. In conclusion, the design and implementation of effective protection measures are essential to ensure the durability of port infrastructure. Recommendations include the use of a combination of traditional and modern methods, continuous monitoring, and the adoption of sustainability policies. This enables ports to effectively address the challenges posed by large-tonnage ships while maintaining long-term safety and functionality.