Genome-wide association study for feed efficiency indicator traits in Nellore cattle considering genotype-by-environment interactions

The results highlight the functional diversity of genes involved in feed efficiency and their dynamic response to environmental variation. While certain genes remained central across environments, others were specifically important under more challenging conditions, emphasizing the role of G×E in regulating these traits. Furthermore, the magnitude and direction of SNP effects varied across environmental gradients, reinforcing the relevance of G×E. Consequently, genomic estimated breeding values for DMI and RFI also differed between environmental extremes. These findings underscore the adaptability of genetic networks to environmental changes and are essential for refining strategies to improve feed efficiency in Nellore cattle.