Using Abattoir-Based Surveillance to Establish Foot-and-Mouth Disease Non-Structural Protein Seropositivity in Cattle and Pigs in Cambodia

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a contagious transboundary animal disease that causes economic loss and obstacles to international trade. Frequent FMD outbreaks in Cambodia negatively impact farmers' and smallholders' incomes. This study aimed to estimate the seroprevalence of FMD Non-Structural Protein (NSP) antibodies, which are an indicator of FMD antibodies raised during a natural infection rather than those produced following vaccination, that were detected using a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Sample collection from cattle and pigs (<i>n</i> = 2238) was performed at ten abattoirs in seven provinces between October 2019 and December 2020. Overall seroprevalence in cattle and pigs was 43.2% (363/839; 95% CI 39.8-46.7), and 0.6% (9/1399; 95% CI 0.2-1.2), respectively. Only the cattle dataset was included in the risk factor analysis, as the prevalence of sero-reactors was too low in the pig dataset to be analyzed. Significant risk factors identified by the logistic regression model included the province of origin (<i>p</i> = 0.02), body condition score (BCS) (<i>p</i> = 0.0002) and sex (<i>p</i> = 0.0007). Odds ratios of the significant risk factors were 7.05 (95% CI 1.43-34.67; <i>p</i> = 0.02) for cattle that originated from Kampong Thom, 1.41 (95% CI 1.05-1.89; <i>p</i> = 0.02) for female cattle, and 3.28 (95% CI 1.06-10.12; <i>p</i> = 0.04) for animals with BCS of 3/5. The study revealed that the seroprevalence of FMD NSP in cattle presented at the abattoirs was high, while the FMD NSP seroprevalence in abattoir pigs was very low. Further investigation is required to map the disease distribution in Cambodia, especially the serotypes and strains causing clinical disease. These findings call for the extension of work on effective disease prevention measures.