Association Mechanisms Between Periodontal Diseases and Systemic Pathology

Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease caused by a dysbiotic oral microbiome and an altered immune response. It affects approximately 10% of the adult population and is one of the leading causes of tooth loss. Beyond its local consequences, periodontitis is closely associated with systemic diseases, including cardiovascular disorders, type 2 diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoporosis, chronic kidney disease, Alzheimer’s disease, pneumonia, pregnancy complications, and COVID-19. The main mechanisms underlying this relationship include chronic systemic inflammation, the spread of bacteria and their toxins through the bloodstream, and the activation of immune cells capable of exacerbating inflammation in other organs. For instance, bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and periodontopathogens such as Porphyromonas gingivalis can contribute to the development of atherosclerosis, endotoxemia, and autoimmune reactions. Further clinical studies are required to establish a causal relationship and develop effective treatment strategies. A deeper understanding of these mechanisms may facilitate the development of interdisciplinary approaches to the prevention and treatment of both periodontitis and related systemic diseases.