The Impact of Lithological Features and Landform Characteristics on the Prevalence of Geomorphological Hazards in the Arangeh Catchment, (Central Alborz Mts, Northern Iran)

In recent years, the impacts of natural disasters on rural areas, urban settings, farmlands, transportation systems, and constructed infrastructures have received considerable focus. This study began with recognizing natural hazards by evaluating available data and conducting field research. Following that, a risk layer was created by superimposing environmental elements that affect the likelihood of risks, including geological features and landform types, which were analyzed through geomorphon techniques. The research also measured the probability of risk occurrence across various categories of independent variables. Results indicate that geological and topographical elements are vital in influencing the types of natural hazards within the Arangeh catchment. In particular, rock formations such as conglomerate, green tuff, sand, shale, and young alluvium found in young terraces exhibit the highest potential for hazards. The likelihood and variety of hazards amplify when these lithological units are located on elevated and steep landscapes. Additionally, the presence of faults significantly influences hazards associated with mass movements, including rock falls. The widest range of hazards within the Arangeh catchment can be found in slope, hollow, and valley landforms. To prevent an increase in risks, it is essential to avoid expanding settlements in these areas designated for garden purposes.