Navigating converging pathways of co-infection: an integrated epidemiological insight into hepatitis B and malaria among pregnant women in the middle belt of Ghana

This study revealed a low prevalence of HBV and malaria co-infection among pregnant women. Despite the relatively low prevalence, the identified determinants highlight the need for integrated antenatal screening protocols, targeted public health education, and policy-level interventions to reduce the dual burden of HBV and malaria among pregnant women and contribute to achieving maternal health targets under Sustainable Development Goal 3.