Impact of Antenatal Corticosteroid Administration on Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Morbidity, and Mortality in Preterm Infants: A Cross-Sectional Study at a Tertiary Center in Baghdad

Background: Preterm birth remains a leading cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality, with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) being one of the most common and severe complications. Antenatal corticosteroids, particularly betamethasone and dexamethasone, are routinely used to accelerate fetal lung maturation and reduce the risk of RDS. This study evaluates the impact of antenatal steroid administration on the incidence and severity of RDS, as well as neonatal mortality, among preterm neonates delivered at Baghdad Teaching Hospital.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 200 preterm neonates delivered between January and June 2024. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire covering maternal demographics, neonatal characteristics, and clinical outcomes. The primary outcomes included incidence and severity of RDS, need for respiratory support, and neonatal mortality.Results: Antenatal corticosteroid administration was associated with a significant reduction in both the incidence and severity of RDS. Infants whose mothers received steroids showed a lower need for mechanical ventilation and surfactant therapy. Moreover, neonatal mortality was significantly reduced in the steroid-exposed group. These benefits were most notable in neonates born at earlier gestational ages.Conclusion: Antenatal corticosteroids play a vital role in improving neonatal outcomes in preterm births, primarily by mitigating the severity of RDS and reducing mortality. Continued implementation of this intervention in preterm labor management is essential. Further studies are recommended to optimize dosing protocols and evaluate long-term outcomes.