Breast cancer incidence in Indonesia: a sex-disaggregated analysis using WHO health equity assessment toolkit data

The incidence of breast cancer in Indonesia is declining; yet, sex disparities remain, with females bearing a disproportionately greater burden. These findings underscore the need for targeted public health strategies, including expanded access to breast cancer screening programs, public awareness campaigns to promote early detection, and improved availability of diagnostic and treatment services tailored to women. Future research ought to identify and mitigate female-specific risk factors, such as hormonal and reproductive factors, and lifestyle impacts, to enhance prevention measures, are critical for reducing these disparities and improving health outcomes.