Comparative analysis of Natural,Forced and Peltier based cooling methods for thermal management of Li-ion battery pack

The rapid global adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) has heightened the need for efficient battery thermal management systems (BTMS). This research presents an active BTMS using a Peltier module (TEC1-12706) to control the temperature of lithium-ion batteries within the optimal range (25–45°C). The system utilizes DS1821 temperature sensors, an ACS712 current sensor, a voltage divider, and an Arduino Uno for control, alongside a NodeMCU for IoT-based monitoring via Thinger.io. A comparative analysis of four cooling methods revealed that the Peltier system offers the highest cooling performance and uniformity, with a trade-off in higher power consumption. The proposed solution, with a low system cost of around $50, is scalable for small to medium-sized EVs and enhances battery safety, performance, and lifespan.