Numerical models for monitoring and forecasting sea level: a short description of present status

<strong class="journal-contentHeaderColor">Abstract.</strong> Forecasting the sea level is crucial for supporting coastal management through early warning systems and for adopting adaptation strategies to climate change impacts. Such objectives can be achieved by using advanced numerical models, which are based on shallow-water equations used to simulate storm surge generation and propagation due to atmospheric pressure and winds, or with ocean general circulation and baroclinic models. We provide here an overview on models commonly used for sea level forecasting that can be based on storm surge models or ocean circulation ones and is integrated on structured or unstructured grids, including an outlook on new approaches based on ensemble methods.