Capacity development for the future of ocean prediction

<strong class="journal-contentHeaderColor">Abstract.</strong> Capacity development in ocean prediction refers to the process of strengthening the abilities of individuals, institutions, and systems to generate, access, understand, and apply ocean prediction tools and information. This encompasses building human capital, enhancing technical skills, improving physical and digital infrastructure, reinforcing governance, fostering collaborative partnerships and networks, ensuring inclusive participation, and providing sustained support – both financial and human – to ensure that ocean prediction services are effective, inclusive, and sustainable, especially in developing and vulnerable regions. The first section of this paper provides an overview of key global frameworks for capacity development in ocean science, with a particular focus on ocean prediction. It also identifies existing gaps in current efforts. In the second part of the paper, we present the capacity development plans of the OceanPrediction Decade Collaborative Centre (DCC), developed within the context of the existing global framework. These plans are informed by the results of a dedicated survey (summarised in this paper) and are further supported by the regional project Ocean Prediction Enhancement in Regions of Africa (OPERA). This section emphasises the importance of integrating both technical and non-technical training, fostering community building, engaging stakeholders, and undertaking complementary actions to create an enabling environment for capacity development. It also highlights the value of a co-design approach and the need for continuous evaluation of the effectiveness and long-term impact of these initiatives. Finally, the discussion section offers recommendations for the future, drawing on the work carried out under the OPERA project and aligned with capacity development guidelines from the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO and the United Nations Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development.