The impact of telomeres on the aging processes in the human body

Telomeres are protective structures located at the ends of chromosomes that regulate cellular aging. Their gradual shortening with each cell division forms the basis of replicative aging and contributes to the development of age-related diseases, such as cardiovascular pathologies, neurodegenerative disorders, and cancer. This study examines the mechanisms of telomere dynamics, particularly the role of the enzyme telomerase, which extends telomeres, as well as the influence of external factors such as stress, nutrition, physical activity, and the microbiome. Objective: — To analyze literature sources on the impact of telomere dynamics on human aging and age-related diseases and analyze modern approaches to its modification to slow aging and extend active lifespan. Methods: The study employed a systematic analysis of scientific sources (2018–2024) using databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. Key search terms included: “telomeres,” “aging,” “telomerase,” “age-related diseases.” The collected data were categorized based on key aspects: telomere structure, mechanisms of shortening, influence of external factors, and therapeutic strategies. Results: The findings indicate that telomere length serves as a biomarker of biological age. Telomere shortening is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, cancer, and neurodegenerative disorders. Telomerase activation may slow down aging but simultaneously supports malignant cell proliferation. Stress, low physical activity, and unbalanced nutrition accelerate telomere shortening, while a healthy lifestyle stabilizes their length. Modern approaches, including telomerase activation, antioxidant therapy, and microbiome modification, hold significant potential for slowing aging. Further research into telomere dynamics will aid in developing strategies for the prevention of age-related diseases.