Examining the relationship between dissociative identity disorder and adverse childhood experiences

Dissociative identity disorder (DID) is a complex psychological condition characterized by the presence of two or more distinct identities or personality states in an individual. It has been widely associated with early childhood trauma. This systematic review aims to explore the relationship between adverse childhood experiences and the development of DID. The findings of 26 peer-reviewed studies published between 2015-2024 were synthesized on their discussions of said relationship. This review revealed consistent evidence that traumatic experiences during childhood significantly contribute to the development of dissociative symptoms. These early experiences will disrupt the formation of a cohesive sense and promote dissociation as a protective coping mechanism, leading to fragmented identity structures throughout adulthood. Furthermore, attachment disruptions and dysfunctional parental dynamics, as well as the lack of stable nurturing relationships, further exacerbate the risk and development of DID. Neurobiological findings also indicate that trauma-induced changes within brain regions associated with memory, emotional regulation, and self-representation play a pivotal role in the dissociative process. Therefore, this review ultimately underscores the important relationship between adverse childhood experiences with the development of DID and dissociative symptoms, thereby highlighting the need for trauma-informed interventions and early treatment to address the root causes of DID, combining both trauma-focused therapies and cognitive strategies to improve long-term outcomes of affected individuals.