Virtual reality safety training and auditing in warehouse environments: AHP and critical thinking approach

Abstract This study investigates how virtual reality (VR) can transform safety training, risk management, and auditing techniques in warehouse environments, using a mixed-methods approach to deliver practical guidance for industry and VR developers. The analysis applies four phases. The first phase involves observational studies to identify current safety practices, risk management strategies, and audit techniques. Semi-structured interviews with 15 safety experts for empathy mapping and the Delphi Technique with 10 experts to populate the 9-Window framework, assessing training needs and VR integration. The third phase utilizes critical thinking (CT) questions to analyze VR features, and the fourth phase applies the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) to rank VR feature priorities based on their impact and feasibility. Observation findings indicate significant gaps in current safety practices and safety training. Semi-structured interviews and CT discussions demonstrate that VR training significantly enhances safety skills and auditing capabilities and fosters proactive risk management. Immersive VR allows trainees to utilize VR features, such as simulation of misplaced items, risk identification, voice instructions, interaction, and navigation, which were emphasized as crucial components. Furthermore, AHP results show that simulation realism and immersive interaction are the most critical factors for effective VR safety training. Overall, the study highlights VR training as a valuable tool for designers and users in enhancing warehouse safety management, auditing skills, and risk management practices. However, limitations include the need for broader risk scenario training in VR. Future research should quantify training effectiveness and compare it with conventional methods.