Microecological Preparations as Antibiotic Alternatives in Cyprinid Aquaculture

Microecological preparations (MPs), encompassing probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, and postbiotics, are microbial feed supplements that enhance host health through gut microbiota modulation. Unlike the narrow definition of probiotics (viable microorganisms), MPs constitute a broader category including non-viable microbial derivatives and selectively fermented substrates. Their application in aquaculture significantly reduces antibiotic dependence. Given the industry’s intensification challenges, while meeting global protein demands, high-density aquaculture elevates disease risks, driving prophylactic antibiotic overuse. This practice accelerates antimicrobial resistance (AMR) development, compromising treatment efficacy and causing residual antibiotics in aquatic products. Such residues violate international food safety standards, triggering trade disputes. As sustainable alternatives, MPs operate through multiple mechanisms: the competitive exclusion of pathogens, immune stimulation, and nutrient absorption enhancement. This review examines the patterns of antibiotic abuse and the emergence of AMR in carp aquaculture, evaluates MP-based mitigation strategies from the perspective of antibiotic alternatives, and analyzes the advantages, disadvantages, and application progress of MPs. Based on existing evidence, we propose targeted research priorities for MP optimization, advocating for scientifically guided implementation in commercial cyprinid aquaculture.