Differential impacts of physical activity volume and intensity on blood lead levels in children and adolescents: a cross-sectional study

Our findings support a dual-pathway model: greater PA volume may elevate BLL-particularly in males-while higher intensity may reduce BLL-especially in females. These results underscore the need for PA guidelines that balance volume and intensity, optimize sweat-promoting exercise in low-lead environments, and inform interventions to safeguard the health of children and adolescents against lead exposure.