Enhancing LEO Mega-constellations with Inter-Satellite Links: Vision and Challenges

Low earth orbit (LEO) satellites have been envisioned as a significant component of the sixth generation (6G) network architecture for achieving ubiquitous coverage and seamless access. However, the implementation of LEO satellites is largely restricted by the deployment of ground stations. Inter-satellite links (ISLs) have been regarded as a promising technique to fully exploit the potentials of LEO mega-constellations by concatenating multiple satellites to constitute an autonomous space network. In this article, we present the merits of implementing ISLs in LEO mega-constellations and the representative applications empowered by ISLs. Moreover, we outline several key technical challenges as well as potential solutions related to LEO satellite networks with ISLs, including performance analysis for system design, routing and load balancing, and resource allocation. Particularly, the potential of using ISLs to enhance in-flight connectivity is showcased with a preliminary performance evaluation. Finally, some open issues are discussed to inspire future research.