Double Coalitions in Regular Graphs

Abstract A set S of vertices in a graph G is a dominating set of G if every vertex not in S has a neighbor in S , where two vertices are neighbors if they are adjacent. If G is isolate-free, then a set $$S \subseteq V(G)$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>S</mml:mi> <mml:mo>⊆</mml:mo> <mml:mi>V</mml:mi> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>G</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> is a double dominating set of G if every vertex in $$V(G) \setminus S$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>V</mml:mi> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>G</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> <mml:mo>\</mml:mo> <mml:mi>S</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> has at least two neighbors in S , and every vertex in S has at least one neighbor in S . A double coalition in G consists of two disjoint sets of vertices X and Y of G , neither of which is a double dominating set but whose union $$X \cup Y$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>X</mml:mi> <mml:mo>∪</mml:mo> <mml:mi>Y</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> is a double dominating set of G . Such sets X and Y are said to form a double coalition. A double coalition partition in G is a vertex partition $$\Psi = \{V_1,V_2,\ldots ,V_k\}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>Ψ</mml:mi> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mo>{</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>V</mml:mi> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>V</mml:mi> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mo>…</mml:mo> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>V</mml:mi> <mml:mi>k</mml:mi> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>}</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> such that for all $$i \in [k]$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>i</mml:mi> <mml:mo>∈</mml:mo> <mml:mo>[</mml:mo> <mml:mi>k</mml:mi> <mml:mo>]</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> , the set $$V_i$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>V</mml:mi> <mml:mi>i</mml:mi> </mml:msub> </mml:math> forms a double coalition with another set $$V_j$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>V</mml:mi> <mml:mi>j</mml:mi> </mml:msub> </mml:math> for some j , where $$j \in [k] \setminus \{i\}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>j</mml:mi> <mml:mo>∈</mml:mo> <mml:mo>[</mml:mo> <mml:mi>k</mml:mi> <mml:mo>]</mml:mo> <mml:mo>\</mml:mo> <mml:mo>{</mml:mo> <mml:mi>i</mml:mi> <mml:mo>}</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> . The double coalition number, $$\textrm{DC}(G)$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mtext>DC</mml:mtext> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>G</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> , of G equals the maximum order of a double coalition partition in G . We discuss the problem to determine or estimate the best possible constants $$\theta _{r}^{\textrm{reg}}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mi>θ</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>r</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mtext>reg</mml:mtext> </mml:msubsup> </mml:math> and $$\theta _{r}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>θ</mml:mi> <mml:mi>r</mml:mi> </mml:msub> </mml:math> (which depend only on r ) for each $$r \ge 3$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>r</mml:mi> <mml:mo>≥</mml:mo> <mml:mn>3</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> , such that $$\textrm{DC}(G) \le \theta _{r}^{\textrm{reg}} \times r$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mtext>DC</mml:mtext> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>G</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo>≤</mml:mo> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mi>θ</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>r</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mtext>reg</mml:mtext> </mml:msubsup> <mml:mo>×</mml:mo> <mml:mi>r</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> for the class of r -regular graphs G and $$\textrm{DC}(G) \le \theta _{r} \times \Delta (G)$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mtext>DC</mml:mtext> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>G</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow>

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Journal
Graphs and Combinatorics
Published
2025-06-02
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00373-025-02937-2
Primary Topic
Advanced Graph Theory Research
Type
article
Field-Weighted Citation Impact
0.00

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article

Double Coalitions in Regular Graphs

Doost Ali Mojdeh, Michael A. Henning
Graphs and Combinatorics
Advanced Graph Theory Research
article

Double Coalitions in Regular Graphs

Doost Ali Mojdeh, Michael A. Henning
article en

Abstract

Abstract A set S of vertices in a graph G is a dominating set of G if every vertex not in S has a neighbor in S , where two vertices are neighbors if they are adjacent. If G is isolate-free, then a set $$S \subseteq V(G)$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>S</mml:mi> <mml:mo>⊆</mml:mo> <mml:mi>V</mml:mi> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>G</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> is a double dominating set of G if every vertex in $$V(G) \setminus S$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>V</mml:mi> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>G</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> <mml:mo>\</mml:mo> <mml:mi>S</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> has at least two neighbors in S , and every vertex in S has at least one neighbor in S . A double coalition in G consists of two disjoint sets of vertices X and Y of G , neither of which is a double dominating set but whose union $$X \cup Y$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>X</mml:mi> <mml:mo>∪</mml:mo> <mml:mi>Y</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> is a double dominating set of G . Such sets X and Y are said to form a double coalition. A double coalition partition in G is a vertex partition $$\Psi = \{V_1,V_2,\ldots ,V_k\}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>Ψ</mml:mi> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mo>{</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>V</mml:mi> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>V</mml:mi> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mo>…</mml:mo> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>V</mml:mi> <mml:mi>k</mml:mi> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>}</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> such that for all $$i \in [k]$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>i</mml:mi> <mml:mo>∈</mml:mo> <mml:mo>[</mml:mo> <mml:mi>k</mml:mi> <mml:mo>]</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> , the set $$V_i$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>V</mml:mi> <mml:mi>i</mml:mi> </mml:msub> </mml:math> forms a double coalition with another set $$V_j$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>V</mml:mi> <mml:mi>j</mml:mi> </mml:msub> </mml:math> for some j , where $$j \in [k] \setminus \{i\}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>j</mml:mi> <mml:mo>∈</mml:mo> <mml:mo>[</mml:mo> <mml:mi>k</mml:mi> <mml:mo>]</mml:mo> <mml:mo>\</mml:mo> <mml:mo>{</mml:mo> <mml:mi>i</mml:mi> <mml:mo>}</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> . The double coalition number, $$\textrm{DC}(G)$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mtext>DC</mml:mtext> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>G</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> , of G equals the maximum order of a double coalition partition in G . We discuss the problem to determine or estimate the best possible constants $$\theta _{r}^{\textrm{reg}}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mi>θ</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>r</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mtext>reg</mml:mtext> </mml:msubsup> </mml:math> and $$\theta _{r}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>θ</mml:mi> <mml:mi>r</mml:mi> </mml:msub> </mml:math> (which depend only on r ) for each $$r \ge 3$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>r</mml:mi> <mml:mo>≥</mml:mo> <mml:mn>3</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> , such that $$\textrm{DC}(G) \le \theta _{r}^{\textrm{reg}} \times r$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mtext>DC</mml:mtext> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>G</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo>≤</mml:mo> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mi>θ</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>r</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mtext>reg</mml:mtext> </mml:msubsup> <mml:mo>×</mml:mo> <mml:mi>r</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> for the class of r -regular graphs G and $$\textrm{DC}(G) \le \theta _{r} \times \Delta (G)$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mtext>DC</mml:mtext> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>G</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow>

Graphs and CombinatoricsVol. 41(4)
University of Johannesburg (ZA), University of Mazandaran (IR)
University of Johannesburg
Openalex Percentile: Top 87%
Advanced Graph Theory Research
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