Investigation of Nonlinear Phenomena in Electrically Coupled Mechanical Oscillators With Applications in Electrostatic Energy Harvesting of Low Frequency Vibrations

Abstract With the proliferation of Internet of Things (IoT) devices, the demand for sustainable, wireless power sources has gained significant interest. Electrostatic energy harvesters (e-VEHs) present a promising sustainable alternative to traditional battery technology due to their compatibility with silicon-based technologies and potential for on-chip integration. However, existing e-VEHs exhibit modest power levels, necessitating further enhancement. While various optimization techniques have been explored, a comprehensive understanding of the fundamental nonlinear dynamics of these devices remains lacking. This study addresses this gap by conducting a theoretical investigation into the nonlinear behavior of mechanical oscillators coupled with electrical circuits, the basic building blocks of e-VEHs. Special attention is given to bifurcation phenomena, particularly at low frequencies, an excitation range where most e-VEHs operate poorly. This, however, could be beneficial as it was found to trigger frequency-up conversion. Additionally, analysis of dynamic regions provides insight into conditions necessary for maximizing output power, highlighting the importance of balancing nonlinear forces.