Quantum designated verifier multi- signature scheme without arbitrator

Abstract We propose a quantum designated verifier multi- signature (QDVMS) scheme. In this scheme, multiple users can generate a valid signature by simultaneously signing the original message, and the designated verifier holds the exclusive capability to verify the signature’s validity. This scheme applies locally indistinguishable orthogonal product states to generate signatures, simplifying the preparation process in contrast to entangled states. Furthermore, our scheme does not require quantum one- way functions (QOWF), quantum state swapping tests (SWAP), or entangled states, which enhances its practicality and efficiency. Additionally, the absence of a third party (TP) in the entire process enhances the scheme’s security. The security analysis and comparisons with similar schemes indicate that our QDVMS scheme satisfies the security properties of DVS, and achieves information- theoretical security. Moreover, it offers higher efficiency and robust resistance against diverse attacks.