Edge computing-enabled energy efficiency prediction of immersion cooling system for supercomputing centers

Within the context of cleaner production, enhancing energy efficiency and sustainability has emerged as a central focus in supercomputing center development. To address the challenges in predicting energy consumption, this study proposes an architecture of edge computing-enabled energy efficiency prediction of immersion cooling system for supercomputing centers. This architecture combines time-series generative adversarial network (TimeGAN) for data augmentation with the neural basis expansion analysis for time series (N-BEATS) for prediction, providing a robust solution for accurate energy consumption prediction. TimeGAN enhances the training dataset by generating high-quality synthetic time-series data, effectively mitigating issues of data sparsity and imbalance. N-BEATS, with its modular architecture and strong adaptability to temporal data, ensures precise predictions by capturing both global trends and local variations in energy usage. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed architecture, exhibiting superior performance across key metrics when compared to traditional models. Specifically, the RMSE of TimeGAN-N-BEATS improved by more than 8%, the MSE increased by over 18%, and the R 2 reached 97.31%, outperforming baseline models such as long short-term memory and gated recurrent unit, and their attention-enhanced variants. This study highlights the potential of integrating generative and predictive models to optimize energy efficiency in liquid cooling systems, offering valuable insights for sustainable supercomputing operations.