Effects of microbiota on immune development: Rhinovirus-mediated modulation of host immunity under homeostasis

Microbes play a critical role in shaping immune development, with growing interest in how rhinovirus (RV) interacts with the host immune system, particularly in individuals with asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Disruptions in microbial balance during RV infections can impair immune homeostasis and worsen disease outcomes. Recent studies emphasize RV-induced regulation of antiviral defenses, cytokine production, and immune tolerance. This review explores the interplay between RV, the immune system, and microbiota, highlighting the importance of these interactions in guiding effective therapies for respiratory infections. It advances existing literature by considering microbiota-mediated therapies as a novel approach to managing RV exacerbations in respiratory diseases like asthma and COPD.