Parameter‐Optimized Fabrication of Submicron Nanoelectrospray Emitters for Enhanced Native Mass Spectrometry

We identified HEAT and PULL as the critical parameters for optimizing emitter inner diameter (ID) and cone length, while VELOCITY-PULL interactions specifically enhanced tip flatness. Multi-loop operations significantly optimize emitter tip morphology. This enabled controlled fabrication of emitters spanning submicron-scale (200 nm) to micron-scale (8 μm) IDs, with submicron-range parameter optimization. This provides a practical reference for users requiring emitters of varying specifications, thereby advancing the development of nMS.