Impact of Anti-Diabetic Treatments on Circulating Anti-Inflammatory Mediators (IL-10 and IL-13) in Type 2 Diabetes Patients

Background and Objectives: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic condition marked by persistent hyperglycemia and low-grade inflammation, involving cytokines like IL-10 and IL-13. While metformin is widely used to manage blood glucose levels, its effects on inflammatory markers, particularly IL-10 and IL-13, remain underexplored. This study aims to assess how metformin influences serum levels of these interleukins, evaluate its anti-inflammatory potential, and explore its role in managing T2DM complications. Materials and Methods: T2DM patients were divided into three groups: uncontrolled diabetes, metformin treatment, and insulin treatment, with a healthy control group for comparison. Serum IL-10 and IL-13 levels were measured using ELISA before and after treatment. The effects of metformin, insulin, and their combination on these cytokines were analyzed statistically. Results:IL-10 and IL-13 levels were significantly elevated in the uncontrolled T2DM group compared to healthy controls, reflecting the inflammatory state associated with hyperglycemia. Metformin treatment reduced IL-10 and IL-13 levels significantly (p < 0.005), indicating its anti-inflammatory effect. Insulin treatment also reduced these cytokines, but to a lesser degree. Combination therapy with metformin and insulin showed the most pronounced reduction in both interleukins, suggesting a synergistic anti-inflammatory effect. Conclusion: Metformin significantly modulates IL-10 and IL-13 in T2DM patients, demonstrating anti-inflammatory effects beyond glycemic control. Combination therapy with metformin and insulin provides a more robust anti-inflammatory response, highlighting its potential in managing T2DM and its complications.