Workplaces as Schools of Democratic Resilience? Conceptual Considerations About the Spillover Effect

Abstract Most democracy theories neglect the aspect of resistance to authoritarianism. Especially in times of an autocratic wave, the need for rebellion should be emphasised. In this article, I suggest conceptual considerations to enrich the debate on democratic competences and their strengthening in the context of the workplace. Our experiences at work affect our political behaviour and attitudes. Those who primarily encounter authoritarian conditions in their socialisation will find it more difficult to develop democratic skills. However, existing concepts of competences for a democratic culture are designed for times when democracy functions well and is not questioned. In phases of anti-democratic tendencies, these are not enough; what is needed then is democratic resilience. Theoretically, this can be argued with Erich Fromm, Albert Camus and Carole Pateman. She emphasised the need to democratise workplaces. However, assumptions of spillover do not consider democratic resilience. In this article, I explore three main aspects. First, I argue that rebellion and resistance to authoritarianism are at the core of democracy in all our social interactions. I then show that the aspect of resilience is neglected in existing concepts of democratic competences. Finally, I offer conceptual suggestions for democratic resilience in the context of workplaces.