Emergence of New Woman in the Backdrop of India’s Economic Liberalisation in Chetan Bhagat Novels ‘One Indian Girl’and ‘One Night @ The Call Center’

The concept of the "New Woman" emerged in the late 19th century and had a significant impact throughout the 20th century. The term was first coined by Sara Grand in her 1894 article, "The New Aspect of the Woman Question." Grand, also the author of The Heavenly Twins (1893), advocated for equal education and better public health for women. Her vision of the New Woman was one who was educated, independent in decision-making, and contributed to the nation's strength. Women during the late Victorian era, taking advantage of expanding economic opportunities, entered professions such as teaching, secretarial work, bookkeeping, and typing. The concept of the New Woman evolved over time, reflecting different characteristics across the decades. While the New Woman of the 19th century was bold, fashionable, educated, and pushed societal boundaries—including in her sexual liberties—the New Woman of the 20th century was more rational, introspective, and often conflicted. This figure challenged the constraints imposed on women by Victorian and Edwardian society, and today, she might be seen as a liberated woman or feminist. The Economic Liberalisation of India in 1991 marked a turning point, shifting the country’s economic policies to focus more on the market and services, and opening doors for private and foreign investment. This reform significantly impacted Indian society, creating more opportunities for women and marginalized groups. In post-liberalised India, the idea of the New Woman became a reality, with women increasingly taking the initiative and embracing change. Although the experience of this transformation varies by individual, modern Indian novels often depict the New Woman as a product of the mercantile society, one who challenges traditional social structures. The rise of capitalism in post-liberalised India provided further momentum for the emergence of this new, empowered woman.