Current Approaches in Bariatric Surgery

Obesity is a complex and multifactorial disease characterized by excessive fat accumulation, which negatively affects overall health. Bariatric surgery has become a cornerstone treatment for morbid obesity, particularly when conventional methods fail. This review outlines the primary types of bariatric procedures—restrictive, malabsorptive, and combined techniques and examines their mechanisms, indications, and complications. Particular attention is given to the management of both short-term complications (e.g., vomiting, reflux, early dumping syndrome) and long-term issues such as micronutrient deficiencies, weight regain, and malnutrition. With a multidisciplinary approach involving nutritional planning, psychological support, and long-term follow-up, bariatric surgery can yield sustainable weight loss and substantial metabolic benefits, including improvements in type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular risk.In the treatment of morbid obesity, bariatric surgery stands out as an effective method for achieving weight loss. Successful outcomes require new nutritional habits, regular follow-up, and a multidisciplinary approach. Surgical techniques may be restrictive, malabsorptive, or a combination of both. In the postoperative period, complications such as micronutrient deficiencies, protein malnutrition, weight regain, and other issues may occur. These complications vary according to the surgical method and lifestyle changes. It is crucial for patients who undergo bariatric surgery to maintain nutritional balance through regular monitoring and supplementation. This review discusses bariatric surgery and its potential complications.