Advancing in the pollen frontier: a comprehensive evaluation and meta-analysis of automatic pollen monitoring systems

Abstract Airborne pollen monitoring depends on the precise and reproducible detection of pollen. In Europe, the volumetric Hirst standardized approach served as the baseline for the traditional method for pollen monitoring networks, requiring highly skilled technicians and which is a labor-intensive job. That is why there is a need for new automatic methodologies to solve those problems. This study evaluates and compares the technical characteristics of various automated pollen detection systems available on the market, providing a snapshot of the current state of technology. Particle size resolution, aspiration volume, storage capacity for high-definition particle pictures, and real-time data transfer were among the principal attributes of the systems examined. Our findings reveal that each system features unique advantages and limitations, with significant correlations between pollen concentrations detected by automatic systems and the manually operated Hirst sampler, especially with the Hund BAA-500 and Swisens Poleno devices. However, current systems require further enhancements in their classification algorithms and the development of comparable datasets for improved functionality. While this review provides an overview of the current scenario, the field is rapidly evolving, with continuous improvements and the potential for new players in the market. Graphical abstract