Mapping the Use of Ubiquitous Technology among Engineering Undergraduates: A Confirmatory Factor Analysis Perspective

Ubiquitous technologies-such as laptops, smartphones, and tablets-are commonly utilized by undergraduates in institutions of higher learning.However, limited research has been conducted to comprehensively examine the factors influencing their usage.A review of existing literature suggests that several key factors-namely, performance expectancy, effort expectancy, behavioural intention, facilitating conditions, and social status-play a significant role in determining technology adoption.Accordingly, this study aims to identify the factors contributing to the use of ubiquitous technologies among engineering undergraduates within the Malaysian Technical Universities Network (MTUN).Adopting a quantitative research design, data were analysed using Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) with AMOS.The study targeted third-year engineering students from four Malaysian Technical Universities (N = 4,247).A structured questionnaire was used as the research instrument, with 493 copies distributed and 400 valid responses collected for analysis.Findings from the Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) validated four items each for the following constructs: performance expectancy (PE1, PE2, PE4, PE5), effort expectancy (EE1, EE2, EE3, EE4), social status (SS1,