Sustainable mobility transitions in developing states: A comparison of Southeast Asia’s electric mobility policies and aspirations

This study investigates how Southeast Asian countries have implemented strategic policies to develop electric vehicle (EV) ecosystems, despite differing resource constraints and socioeconomic contexts. Employing developmental state theory, we address two key research questions: how have these countries formulated and executed their EV policies, and what factors influence the adoption of electric mobility? Our comparative analysis reveals significant electrification of two- and three-wheelers in lower-income economies, particularly Indonesia and Vietnam, highlighting these modes as critical solutions for urban mobility challenges. In contrast, resource-rich nations with automotive industries like Malaysia and Thailand can leverage their assets to enhance local EV manufacturing. This paper emphasises the need for context-specific strategies to promote inclusive transitions to electric mobility in Southeast Asia. Furthermore, it underscores the essential role of government intervention in fostering strategic industries to facilitate electric mobility transitions, even within resource-constrained environments.