Speaking of human factors: an interview study on the causes and prevention of runway incursions with aviation professionals

• Miscommunication prevalent in runway incursions across aviation professionals. • Implementation of advanced technologies reveal gap between safety intent and operational reality. • Diverse aviation professionals’ insights enhance runway safety strategies. • Advocated flexible phraseology to accommodate linguistic variations. Runway safety is crucial in aviation, with unauthorized entries onto active runways, known as runway incursions (RIs), presenting major risks. Despite advances like stop bars and improved lighting, pilot deviations continue to be a major causal factor, and these incidents persist. This study investigates the nuanced underlying human factors and system interactions leading to RIs involving aircraft, drawing on perspectives from various aviation professionals, including trainees, instructors, airline pilots, and air traffic control officers (ATCOs). It aims to enhance understanding of prevention and safety enhancement measures for future runway operations. Thematic analysis was employed to analyze interviews with 56 aviation professionals from various experience levels. Discussions cantered on their RI experiences, interactions with safety systems, and communication with other aviation personnel. Findings indicate that miscommunication during critical flight phases and variable situational awareness are significant contributors to pilot-related RIs. There were varied views on the use of standard phraseology and operational procedures, with notable challenges posed by existing technologies. Feedback from participants suggested several preventative strategies. The complexity of human factors in aviation safety is highlighted, emphasizing the need for better communication protocols and specialized training tailored to specific situational needs. Recommendations include improving ground technology and enhancing standard phraseology to reduce communication barriers across different linguistic contexts, aiming to bolster overall runway safety.