Recent advances in photoelectrochemical sensing of bisphenol A

Bisphenol A (BPA), a widely used endocrine disruptor in plastics and consumer goods, poses serious environmental and health threats. Its widespread presence necessitates the development of sensitive, selective, and portable detection methods. Photoelectrochemical (PEC) sensing, combining optical excitation with electrochemical detection, offers distinct advantages such as low background, high sensitivity, and miniaturization potential for trace BPA analysis. In this review, we systematically summarize the latest progress of PEC sensing strategies for BPA detection, classified into three primary mechanisms: (i) direct PEC sensors utilizing the intrinsic electron-donating property of BPA to enhance photocurrent signals, (ii) aptamer-based PEC sensors integrating the high selectivity of aptamer recognition elements with photoactive nanomaterials, and (iii) molecularly imprinted PEC sensors employing artificial recognition cavities embedded in conductive polymers or inorganic semiconductor matrices. Detailed discussions on the sensing mechanisms, material synthesis, electrode construction, and performance evaluation are critically presented. Emphasis is placed on innovative approaches such as heterojunction engineering, visible-light-driven photoactive materials, and self-powered systems. Finally, current challenges and future research perspectives are highlighted. Continuous advancements are expected to significantly promote the practical deployment of PEC sensors for effective BPA monitoring in environmental and food safety applications.