Integrative Network Pharmacology of Ayurvedic Formulation-Trikatu: Analyzing Rasapanchaka Concepts with Advanced In Silico Tools

Indian Medical Systems (ISM) employ around 6,000 plant species in medicinal preparations, ranging from simple to highly complex formulations involving up to 100 ingredients. Over 350,000 such formulations are documented in the Traditional Knowledge Digital Library (TKDL). Ayurveda, a key branch of ISM, uses the principles of Dravyaguna Shastra and the Rasapanchaka framework—comprising Rasa (taste), Guna (properties), Virya (potency), Vipaka (post-digestive effect), and Prabhava (specific action)—to evaluate plant-based therapies. Network Pharmacology (NP) offers a systems-level approach, combining traditional knowledge with modern science to elucidate the multi-target mechanisms of such formulations. This study applies NP to investigate Trikatu churna, a classical Ayurvedic formulation consisting of Shunthi (Zingiber officinale), Pippali (Piper longum), and Maricha (Piper nigrum). Using tools such as Cytoscape and other in silico methods, the research uncovers the network of interactions between Trikatu’s bioactive compounds and disease-related targets. Findings highlight its traditional roles in enhancing digestion, metabolism, and the bioavailability of co-administered drugs. This integrative approach reinforces the scientific basis of Trikatu's therapeutic efficacy and supports further exploration of Ayurvedic formulations through network-based pharmacology.