On the Construction Path of Personal Bankruptcy Exemption System in China

免责制度作为个人破产制度的核心组成部分，其制度构建主要应当从破产与免责的程序设计、破产免责适用主体范畴、免责模式选择以及免责条件设置这四个方面展开。我国破产程序应与免责程序相互区分，免责程序具有独立性，二者在逻辑顺序上应当为破产在先，免责在后；免责适用主体范围不应当区分商自然人与消费者自然人，而应采取“一刀切”的方式针对所有自然人集中同时统一立法；免责模式方面许可免责模式更符合我国国情与现实需求，同时由法院作为许可决定主体最有益于免责制度的运行；通过列举不能免责的债务人以及债务情形作为免责条件，筛选出“诚实而不幸”的债务人，最终实现让此类债务人脱离债务苦海，在经济生活中“重生”的制度功能。As a core component of the personal bankruptcy system, the establishment of the exemption system should mainly be carried out from four aspects: the design of bankruptcy and exemption procedures, the scope of bankruptcy exemption applicable subjects, the selection of exemption modes, and the setting of exemption conditions. The bankruptcy procedure and the exemption procedure in our country should be distinguished from each other. The exemption procedure has independence, and the logical order of the two should be bankruptcy first and exemption later; the scope of exemption should not distinguish between commercial natural persons and consumer natural persons, but should adopt a “one size fits all” approach to centralize and unify legislation for all natural persons; in terms of exemption mode, the license exemption mode is more in line with China’s national conditions and practical needs, and having the court as the main body of the license decision is most beneficial for the operation of the exemption system; by listing debtors who cannot be exempted from liability and their debt situations as exemption conditions, selecting “honest but unfortunate” debtors, and ultimately achieving the institutional function of allowing such debtors to escape from the sea of debt and be “reborn” in economic life.