Dynamic Regulation of Tumor Cell-Immune Cell Exosome Interactions and Therapeutic Applications

The interaction between tumor cells and immune cell-derived exosomes is crucial in tumor initiation, progression, and response to treatment. Exosomes, as key mediators of intercellular communication, transport a range of biomolecules that can modulate immune cell function and impact the formation and evolution of the tumor microenvironment. However, challenges remain in elucidating the precise mechanisms of exosome-mediated tumor-immune interactions, including limitations in isolation techniques, content analysis, and functional validation, which hinder their clinical translation. In this paper, through a systematic review of relevant literature, we investigated the modulatory effects of exosomes derived from tumor cells on immune cells, the impact of exosomes secreted by immune cells on the behavior of tumor cells, as well as the dynamic regulatory mechanism of exosomes in the interaction between tumors and immune cells, and further analyzed the prospects of the application of exosomes in tumor immunotherapy. Studies have shown that exosomes have important roles in tumor immune escape, anti-tumor immunity, and tumor therapy, and they have broad application potential as biomarkers and drug delivery carriers. However, the isolation and identification techniques, content analysis, and mechanism of action of exosomes still need further in-depth study to promote their clinical application in tumor therapy.