Graphene nanoplatelets enhance neuronal differentiation of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells

Stem cell technology plays a key role in advancing the understanding of neurological treatments and developing disease models that mimic human conditions. Differentiation of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs) into neurons shows promise for treating neurodegenerative diseases. However, improving the functionality of these nerve cells remains a challenge. Graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs), with their excellent conductivity and biocompatibility, can enhance neuronal differentiation. This study examines the effect of GNPs on hBMSC differentiation. Cells cultured with varying GNP concentrations were assessed at 4 and 7 days using RT-qPCR and immunocytochemistry for neuronal markers MAP2, Nestin, and Tuj1. Results show that GNPs enhance marker expression and promote differentiation. Lower GNP concentrations maintained viability, while higher concentrations were detrimental. Morphological changes and increased fluorescence were observed with a 0.4 µg/ml GNP coating. Calcium imaging with Fluo4-AM indicated increased neuronal activity, underscoring GNPs' role in neuronal maturation. These findings suggest GNPs can drive stem cell differentiation toward neurons, offering new therapeutic potential for neurodegenerative diseases.