Epigenetic Regulation of Fungicide Resistance in Plant‐Pathogenic Fungi

ABSTRACT Fungicides have been successfully used to control plant‐pathogenic fungi in agriculture, but their continuous use has led to resistance developing against all significant fungicide modes of action worldwide. Notably, Phytophthora , Fusarium and Verticillium are the most troublesome plant pathogens with regard to developing fungicide resistance. In fungi, epigenetic mechanisms play critical roles by increasing their stress‐adaptive potential in rapidly changing environments. These mechanisms involve alterations in the expression of genetic elements without changes in the DNA sequence. The role of epigenetic mechanisms in contributing to survival and fitness under various stresses is not well documented in fungi. Studies have shown differential expression of DNA methyltransferases, histone methyltransferases and DNA demethylases in response to fungicides; however, further research is needed. Exploring how these epigenetic processes affect gene expression patterns in fungi subjected to recurrent fungicide selection is crucial. Therefore, this mini‐review will focus on the potential contributions of epigenetic mechanisms to the adaptive responses of plant pathogens to fungicide stress. A better understanding of these epigenetic changes will enhance our knowledge of fungicide resistance evolution in plant pathogens, potentially leading to the development of fungicides with novel targets.