Explanation of the Political Economy of Disasters in Nepal

A disaster is a significant disruption in the normal functioning of the natural life of a public or society, leading to widespread socio-psychological, physical, economic, or environmental losses. It occurs when a hazard breaks out in a vulnerable population and harms them. Nepal ranks among the most natural hazard-prone nations globally regarding earthquakes and hazards led by climate change, like heavy rainfall, landslides, floods, droughts, etc. Its vulnerability is largely attributed to rapid urbanization and unplanned rural development in its fragile land. These trends have intensified exposure to risks for a growing population segment, as emergency services' weak capacity to respond effectively. The absence of strong disaster management frameworks at both local and national levels, insufficient legislation related to disaster mitigation and urban planning, and inadequate public awareness and community preparedness may be the factors contributing. The geological situation and inadequacies have not only escalated the frequency and intensity of hazards but have also represented missed opportunities to foster resilient and safer communities. Applying qualitative descriptive analysis, this study aims to explain the political economy of disaster with special reference to the current earthquake (Gorkha earthquake 2015 and earthquake struck in mid-Western Nepal in November 2023) disaster in Nepal. The study found that, as the geophysical processes of the natural hazard cannot be changed, integrating mitigation components and techniques is the key to reducing vulnerability. Although natural calamities have no class or group favoritism, evidence shows that the poor and marginal people, who are disproportionately affected by disaster, are bonded by rescue, relief, and recovery. Growing evidence indicates that some disaster-affected people face challenges in resuming normal life several months after the disaster. The study concludes that well-preparedness for response to the probable disaster and comprehensive planning with sufficient resources are critical for post-disaster reconstruction to ensure effective and equitable recovery.