On Marx’s Critique and Surpassing of Hegel’s Theory of Civil Society

“市民社会”是西方思想史上的重要概念。黑格尔在《法哲学原理》中提出政治国家与市民社会相分离，其市民社会有特殊性与普遍性原则及三个环节。马克思对黑格尔的理论进行了批判与超越。他批判黑格尔在意识形态上的抽象虚构，颠倒的国家与市民社会关系，以及对私有财产权的错误理解。同时，马克思提出异化劳动理论，实现从政治批判到政治经济学批判的转变，强调共产主义对解决私有制和异化劳动问题的重要性，确立唯物史观并完成从“市民社会”到“经济基础”的概念扬弃，为社会发展研究提供了科学依据。“Civil society” is an important concept in the history of Western thought. In his Elements of the Philosophy of Right, Hegel proposed the separation of the political state and civil society, which he characterized by principles of particularity and universality, as well as three distinct moments. Marx critically engaged and surpassed Hegel’s theory. He criticized Hegel’s abstract and fictitious ideology, the inverted relationship between the state and civil society, and the erroneous understanding of private property. Meanwhile, Marx introduced the theory of alienated labor, shifting his critique from the political to the political-economic realm. He emphasized the significance of communism in addressing the issues of private ownership and alienated labor. By establishing historical materialism and completing the conceptual transition from “civil society” to “economic base,” Marx provided a scientific basis for the study of social development.