Reconstructing Marx’s Moral Philosophy: The Ethical Turn from the Critique of Alienation to Human Emancipation

马克思对资本主义社会道德观念的批判性分析，在现代伦理秩序的重建中具有深刻思想价值与意义。通过对异化劳动与人的全面发展等关键问题的研究，阐明了从异化批判到人性解放的伦理演进脉络。这一理论演进既构成了马克思道德哲学的核心线索，也为当代伦理研究提供了重要的思想工具。这一理论演变过程中，异化现象既反映出经济关系的深层矛盾，更折射出人性异化的道德困境。因此，必须直面现代社会伦理挑战的多样性和交织性，在制度革新和主体意识觉醒两个维度寻求突破路径，以促进人的全面发展为核心的道德体系重构。Marx’s critical analysis of moral concepts in capitalist society holds profound intellectual value for reconstructing the modern ethical order. By examining key issues such as alienated labor and comprehensive human development, this study elucidates the ethical evolutionary trajectory from the critique of alienation to human emancipation. This theoretical progression not only forms the core thread of Marx’s moral philosophy but also provides critical conceptual tools for contemporary ethical inquiry. Throughout this evolution, the phenomenon of alienation reflects both the deep-seated contradictions of economic relations and the moral predicaments arising from the distortion of human nature. Consequently, it is imperative to confront the diversity and complexity of modern ethical challenges, seeking transformative pathways through institutional innovation and the awakening of subjective consciousness, thereby reconstructing a moral system centered on the full development of humanity.