Research Progress on the Pathogens and Drug Resistance of Infection in Acute Exacerbation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)是呼吸系统疾病中的常见疾病，COPD患者病情的恶化与急性发作密切相关，这显著加剧各器官功能的损害、提升了住院需求并增加了死亡的风险，同时造成严重的健康损害和经济压力。呼吸系统感染作为触发COPD患者急性加重的关键因素，其病原微生物涵盖了细菌、病毒、真菌与非典型病原体等多种类型。当前临床实践中，抗菌药物的过度使用已经明显改变了慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期(AECOPD)相关病原体的流行病学特征和耐药谱的变化，这种改变使得临床医生在选择治疗方案时面临巨大的挑战。基于此原因，本综述重点深入剖析COPD急性加重阶段感染的各类病原体，如常见的肺炎克雷伯菌、鲍曼不动杆菌等革兰阴性杆菌，金黄色葡萄球菌和肺炎链球菌等革兰阳性球菌；流感病毒等病毒；酵母和曲霉菌属等真菌以及支原体、衣原体等非典型病原体的具体分布情况，并详细探讨其耐药谱问题，比如部分常见细菌对常用抗菌药物耐药率的趋势。总结这些研究成果为临床上优化抗菌药物的应用提供有力的循证依据，同时也为该领域后续研究的重点指明方向，如新型抗菌药物的研发靶点、更精准的病原体检测方法等。Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a common respiratory disease, and the exacerbation of COPD patients is closely related to acute exacerbations, which significantly exacerbates the impairment of various organ functions, increases the need for hospitalization, increases the risk of death, and causes severe health damage and economic stress. As a key factor triggering acute exacerbations in patients with COPD, respiratory infections cover a variety of pathogenic microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi and atypical pathogens. In current clinical practice, the overuse of antimicrobial drugs has significantly changed the epidemiological characteristics and drug resistance profiles of pathogens associated with acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD), which makes clinicians face great challenges in selecting treatment options. For this reason, this review focuses on the in-depth analysis of various pathogens of infection in the acute exacerbation stage of COPD, such as gram-negative bacilli such as Klebsi pneumoniae and Acinetobacter baumannii, and gram-positive cocci such as Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae; viruses such as influenza viruses; the specific distribution of fungi such as yeast and Aspergillus spp., as well as atypical pathogens such as mycoplasma and chlamydia, and the problem of drug resistance spectrum in detail, such as the trend of resistance rate of some common bacteria to commonly used antimicrobial drugs. The summary of these research results provides a strong evidence-based basis for optimizing the application of antimicrobial drugs in clinical practice, and also points out the direction for follow-up research in this field, such as the research and development targets of new antimicrobial drugs and more accurate pathogen detection methods.