The Functional Hypothalamic Amenorrhea in Adolescents and Young Women

Functional hypothalamic amenorrhea (FHA) is a prevalent yet understudied neuroendocrine disorder affecting adolescents and young women, particularly female athletes and individuals with eating disorders. Societal pressures promoting extreme leanness and intense athletic performance exacerbate FHA risks, yet research on tailored interventions remains limited. This meta-analysis synthesizes current evidence on FHAs etiology, focusing on its dual triggerspsychological stress and energy deficiencyand evaluates multidisciplinary management strategies. The study aims to consolidate existing knowledge, identify gaps in care, and propose targeted solutions for high-risk populations. By analyzing five key studies, the paper reveals that FHA arises from hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis suppression due to elevated cortisol, leptin deficiency, and disrupted kisspeptin signaling. Effective treatment requires integrated approaches: cognitive-behavioral therapy for stress reduction, nutritional rehabilitation for energy repletion, and exercise modification for athletes. The findings underscore the urgency of early intervention to prevent bone loss, cardiovascular risks, and infertility. Future research should prioritize randomized trials to validate personalized protocols and explore sociocultural influences on FHA development.