Application of natural killer cell-based immunotherapy in lung cancer treatment

Lung cancer is a malignant tumor originating in the bronchi, trachea, or other lung tissues. Despite significant advances in treatment, clinical outcomes remain unsatisfactory due to factors such as chemotherapy and heterogeneity. Natural killer (NK) cells are a key component of the innate immune system. A reduction in NK cell number or dysfunction can lead to immune evasion by tumor cells, contributing to malignant progression. In lung cancer, NK cell imbalance is closely associated with tumor immune escape mechanisms, making the modulation of NK cell activity a promising therapeutic strategy. This review examines the role of NK cell dysfunction in lung cancer immune escape and highlights recent advances in NK cell-based immunotherapy. Therapeutic approaches include cell-based NK therapies, cytokine stimulation, immune checkpoint inhibitors, monoclonal antibodies mediating antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, signal pathway-targeted agents, and bioactive compounds derived from medicinal and edible plants. Furthermore, emerging clinical evidence demonstrates the effectiveness of NK cell immunotherapy in improving treatment outcomes in lung cancer patients. This article aims to provide a comprehensive overview of current strategies to enhance NK cell function and presents novel therapeutic avenues to support future lung cancer interventions.